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O n a cold March afternoon inWolfgang Leonhard slipped out of the East German Communist Party Secretariat, hurried home, packed what few warm clothes he could fit into a small briefcase, and then walked to a telephone box to call his mother. That was the code they had agreed on in advance. It meant that he was escaping the country, at great risk to his life. Though only 28 years old at the time, Leonhard stood at the pinnacle of the new East German elite.
The son of German Communists, he had been educated in the Soviet Union, trained in special schools during the war, and brought back to Berlin from Moscow in Mayon the same airplane that carried Walter Ulbricht, the leader of what would soon become the East German Communist Party.
He had one central task: to ensure that any local leaders who emerged from the postwar chaos were assigned deputies loyal to the party. Leonhard had lived through a great deal by that time. Anne Applebaum: Resist the urge to simplify the story. The turning point, when it came, was trivial. Leonhard told him that the answer depended on what sort of meal ticket he had—different ranks of officials had access to different dining rooms.
Leonhard walked away and entered his own, top-category dining room, where white cloths covered the tables and high-ranking functionaries received three-course meals. He felt ashamed, do clothes make the man essay.
At exactly that same moment, in exactly the do clothes make the man essay city, another high-ranking East German was coming to precisely the opposite set of conclusions.
Markus Wolf was also the son of a prominent German Communist family. Wolf also witnessed the mass arrests, the purges, do clothes make the man essay, and the do clothes make the man essay of the Soviet Union—and he also kept faith with the cause. He arrived in Berlin just a few days after Leonhard, on another plane full of trusted comrades, and immediately began hosting a program on the new Soviet-backed radio station. For many months he ran the popular You Ask, We Answer.
Read: James Mattis denounces President Trump, describes him as a threat to the constitution. He told him to give up hoping that German Communism would be allowed to develop differently from the Soviet version: That idea, do clothes make the man essay, long the goal of many German party members, was about to be dropped.
When Leonhard argued that do clothes make the man essay could not be true—he was personally in charge of ideology, and no one had told him anything about a change in direction—Wolf laughed at him. Wolf made clear that he had better contacts, more important friends. At the age of 24, he was an insider. And Leonhard understood, finally, that he was a functionary in an occupied country where the Soviet Communist Party, not the German Communist Party, had the last word.
In the course of his career, his Directorate for Reconnaissance recruited agents in the offices of the West German chancellor and just about every other department of the government, as well as at NATO. Leonhard, meanwhile, became a prominent critic of the regime. He wrote and lectured in West Berlin, at Oxford, at Columbia. Eventually he wound up at Yale, where his lecture course left an impression on several generations of students. Among them was a future U. president, George W.
But when examined together, they require some deeper explanation. Both grew up inside the Soviet system. Both were educated in Communist ideology, do clothes make the man essay, and both had the same values. Both knew that the party was undermining those values. Both knew that the system, allegedly built to promote equality, was deeply unequal, profoundly unfair, and very cruel.
Like their counterparts in so many other times and places, both men could plainly see the gap between propaganda and reality. Yet one remained an enthusiastic collaborator, while the other could not bear the betrayal of his ideals. In English, the word collaborator has a double meaning. A colleague can be described as a collaborator in a neutral or positive sense. But the other definition of collaboratorrelevant here, is different: someone who works with the enemy, with do clothes make the man essay occupying power, with the dictatorial regime.
In this negative sense, collaborator is closely related to another set of words: collusioncomplicityconnivance. This negative meaning gained currency during the Second World War, when it was widely used to describe Europeans who cooperated with Nazi occupiers. Mike Mullen: I cannot remain silent. Since the Second World War, historians and political scientists have tried to explain why some people in extreme circumstances become collaborators and others do not. The late Harvard scholar Stanley Hoffmann had firsthand knowledge of the subject—as a child, he and his mother hid from the Nazis in Lamalou-les-Bains, a village in the south of France.
In the second were the truly active ideological collaborators: people who believed that prewar republican France had been weak or corrupt and hoped that the Nazis would strengthen it, people who admired fascism, and people who admired Hitler. What brought these groups together was a common conclusion that, whatever they had thought about Germany before Junetheir political and personal futures would now be improved by aligning themselves with the occupiers.
Franklin Foer: The Trump regime is beginning to topple. Like Hoffmann, Czesław Miłosz, a Nobel Prize—winning Polish poet, wrote about collaboration from personal experience. Only in did he defect, denounce the regime, and dissect his experience.
In a famous essay, The Captive Mindhe sketched several lightly disguised portraits of real people, all writers and intellectuals, each of whom had come up with different ways of justifying collaboration with the party.
Many were careerists, but Miłosz understood that careerism could not provide a complete explanation, do clothes make the man essay. For tormented intellectuals, collaboration also offered a kind of relief, almost a sense of peace: It meant that they were no longer constantly at war with the state, no longer in turmoil.
We all feel the urge to conform; it is the most normal of human desires. I was reminded of this recently when I visited Marianne Birthler in her light-filled apartment in Berlin. During the s, Birthler was one of a very small number of active dissidents in East Germany; later, in reunified Germany, she spent more than a decade running the Stasi archive, the collection of former East German secret-police files.
I asked her whether she could identify among her cohort a set of circumstances that had inclined some people to collaborate with the Stasi. She was put off by the question. Almost everyone was a collaborator; 99 percent of East Germans collaborated.
Here is another pair of stories, one that do clothes make the man essay be more familiar to American readers. Air Force. Graham, born and raised in a small town in South Carolina, was devoted to the military: After both of his parents died when he was in his 20s, he got himself and his younger sister through college with the help of an ROTC stipend and then an Air Force salary.
He stayed in the Reserves for two decades, even while in the Senate, sometimes journeying to Iraq or Afghanistan to serve as a short-term reserve officer. It put me in the company of patriots. He also supported a vigorous notion of democracy at home. Read: How Lindsey Graham stomped the Tea Party. While Graham was doing his tour do clothes make the man essay West Germany, Mitt Romney became a co-founder and then the president of Bain Capital, a private-equity investment firm.
Born in Michigan, Romney worked in Massachusetts during his years at Bain, but he also kept, thanks to his Mormon faith, close ties to Utah. While Graham was a military lawyer, drawing military pay, Romney was acquiring companies, restructuring them, and then selling them.
Still, Romney dreamed of a political career, and in he ran for the Senate in Massachusetts, after changing his political affiliation from independent to Republican. He lost, but in he ran for governor of Massachusetts as a nonpartisan moderate, and won. Graham had dedicated his career to an idea of U. Both were vocal in their disapproval of Trump. David Frum: No empathy, only anger. Romney went further. On his presidential ballot, Romney said, he wrote in his wife. Graham said he voted for the independent candidate Evan McMullin.
A glance at their biographies would not have led many to predict what happened next. On paper, Graham would have seemed, inlike the man with deeper ties to the military, to the rule of law, and to an old-fashioned idea of American patriotism and American responsibility in the world.
Romney, by contrast, with his shifts between the center and the right, with his multiple careers in business and politics, would have seemed less deeply attached to those same old-fashioned patriotic ideals. Most of us register soldiers as loyal patriots, and management consultants as self-interested.
We assume people from small towns in South Carolina are more likely to resist political pressure than people who have lived in many places.
Intuitively, we think that loyalty to a particular place implies loyalty to a set of values. But in this case the clichés were wrong. It was Graham—a JAG Corps lawyer—who downplayed the evidence that the president had attempted to manipulate foreign courts and blackmail a foreign leader into launching a phony investigation into a political rival. It was Graham who played golf with Trump, who made excuses for him on television, who supported the president even as he slowly destroyed the American alliances—with Europeans, do clothes make the man essay, with the Kurds—that Graham had defended all his life.
By contrast, it was Romney who, in February, became the only Republican senator to break ranks with his colleagues, voting to impeach the president, do clothes make the man essay. Read: How Mitt Romney decided Trump is guilty. One man proved willing to betray ideas and ideals that he had once stood for.
The other refused. To the American reader, references to Vichy France, do clothes make the man essay, East Germany, fascists, and Communists may seem over-the-top, even ludicrous. But dig a little deeper, and the analogy makes sense. The point is not to compare Trump to Hitler or Stalin; the point is to compare the experiences of high-ranking members of the American Republican Party, especially those who work most closely with the White House, to the experiences of Frenchmen inor of East Germans indo clothes make the man essay, or of Czesław Miłosz in These are experiences of people who are forced to accept an alien ideology or a set of values that are in sharp conflict with their own.
Almost as soon as he stopped speaking, Trump launched his first assault on fact-based reality, a long-undervalued component of the American political system.
We are not a theocracy or a monarchy that accepts the word of the leader or the priesthood as law. We are a democracy that debates facts, seeks to understand problems, and then do clothes make the man essay solutions, do clothes make the man essay, all in accordance with a set of rules.
Like the authoritarian leaders of other times and places, Trump effectively ordered not just his supporters but also apolitical members of the government bureaucracy to adhere to a blatantly false, manipulated reality. American politicians, like politicians everywhere, have always covered up mistakes, held back information, and made promises they could not keep. But until Trump was president, none of them induced the National Park Service to produce doctored photographs or compelled the White House press secretary to lie about the size of a crowd—or encouraged him to do so in front of a press corps that knew he knew he was lying.
Chapter 3 social psych clothes make the man
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May 07, · In this land, people had their hair done, wore make up and combed their hair. They made sure when they went somewhere there wasn’t a ton of dog Jan 01, · I have a big Spiderman sticker pasted on my door. I have a spider-man robot that was gifted by my mother on my birthday last year. I love my room very much. Do Checkout “Short Essay On My School“ Essay No 2 My Room Essay( words): Recently in my room, I was over the repair. The room turned out very beautiful and modern. My style sea room He has to do his duty and look after his elderly parents. an exam: I have to do three exams and write a huge essay this term. exercise: Julie likes doing exercise, especially running. an exercise: The teacher asked us to do a lot of grammar exercises over the holidays: someone a favour: My friend did me a huge favour and lent me some money. the
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