Aug 26, · The United States of America has a unique form of government which consist of a separation of powers. The separation of powers is a design of the government in which it distributes power to all three branches. Checks and Balances was intended to keep all three branches of government with similar power to keep one from being too powerful Automobile Safety Brochure for Triplex shatterproof glass, which was standard equipment on Ford Model A windshields beginning in The automobile is a revolutionary technology. Increased personal mobility created new economic, social, and recreational opportunities and changed the American landscape. But the benefits of mobility were accompanied by dramatic new In federal states, the federal government is the government at the level of the nation-state. The structure of central governments varies from institution to institution. By delegating powers from the central government to governments at a sub national level,
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Brochure for Triplex shatterproof glass, which was standard equipment on Ford Model A windshields beginning in The automobile is a revolutionary technology. Increased personal mobility created new economic, social, and recreational opportunities and changed the American landscape. But the benefits of mobility were accompanied by dramatic new risks. Automobiles placed speed and power in the hands of individuals.
In the early twentieth century, a soaring rate of traffic deaths and injuries prompted expressions of concern. A dialogue among physicians, safety advocates, essays on government, engineers, journalists, and others revealed differing opinions about the causes of accidents, injuries, and fatalities. Driver behavior, automobile design, highway engineering, and traffic hazards all were blamed. Efforts to retain the benefits of personal mobility while minimizing its sometimes tragic consequences focused on specific problems from controlling driver behavior to redesigning automobiles to improving the driving environment.
It took decades to understand, prioritize, and minimize these risk factors. In the s, speeding, reckless driving, collisions, and pedestrian fatalities were new problems requiring new solutions.
The first remedies comprised a social response focused on controlling and improving driver behavior. By the early s, the National Safety Council compiled accident statistics, held conferences, and sponsored Safety Week campaigns in cities in the hope that increased public awareness would promote careful driving.
Controlling driver behavior through laws, fines, signals, and drunk driving arrests were obvious ways to decrease the fatality rate. Safety engineer Nils Bohlin demonstrating his three-point seat belt, which was first installed in Volvo cars.
Americans were slow to understand the importance of redesigning automobiles to make driving safer. But by the late s, manufacturers acknowledged that design flaws compromised safety.
They introduced a technological response to safety issues, adding shatter-resistant essays on government and four-wheel brakes instead of two-wheel brakes. In the s, this approach evolved into a market response as auto makers actively promoted new safety improvements such as all-steel bodies and hydraulic brakes. Auto makers now assured motorists that modern cars were completely safe, and industry representatives contended that improving roads, licensing drivers, and regulating traffic was the key to preventing accidents.
Seat belts, energy-absorbing steering columns, and padded dashboards were not installed, even though all of those devices had been invented by the s. In the s, physicians and university professors who were concerned about motorist protection introduced a scientific response to auto safety problems, essays on government.
Crash testing at essays on government pinpointed the causes and effects of bodily impact inside a car during a collision. Bythose features were available as options on most new cars. Essays on government car was not equipped with seat belts. In the late s, elected officials studied scientific findings from university crash tests. In the early s, many state legislatures passed laws requiring seat belts or seat belt anchors in new cars, essays on government.
This movement grew into a comprehensive government response to auto safety issues. InCongress authorized the federal government to set safety standards for new cars. Byseat belts, padded dashboards, and other safety features were mandatory equipment. At first, most motorists didn't wear seat belts, but by the s seat belts were widely accepted. Safety campaigns emphasized the importance of buckling up, and state laws made motorist compliance mandatory. By the federal government also required air bags as standard equipment.
Forced technological change made the automobile itself the first line of defense in an accident. At the dawn of the twentieth century, mass-market automobiles brought the exhilarating promise of expanded personal mobility. But automobiles created new hazards; the power, weight, and speed of a car made it more likely to cause injuries and fatalities than a carriage or a bicycle. An alarming increase in deaths resulting from traffic accidents raised concerns in many sectors of society.
Almost all observers of safety problems believed that driver competence and behavior determined whether the automobile would be a boon or a menace. Unlike a horse, which was capable of safely guiding a carriage or overturning it if frightened, an automobile depended entirely on the driver for direction and control.
Logic dictated that an inanimate machine could not cause accidents; it merely responded to the driver's commands. Public safety seemed to depend on improving driver skill, increasing caution, and reducing rampant errors and recklessness. As automobile ownership became common in the s and s, a broader culture of safety advocacy emerged. Motorists were endangering each other and themselves in addition to pedestrians. The Essays on government Safety Council focused on the human factor in automobile accidents.
Safety leagues in major cities conducted public awareness campaigns to make drivers and pedestrians pay more attention in traffic.
The federal government encouraged state and local governments to improve and standardize traffic engineering, laws, and law enforcement. The auto industry searched for specific causes of fatalities essays on government compiling accident reports while insisting that automobiles themselves did not contribute to accidents if driven properly.
Safety experts concluded that driver behavior and the driving environment were responsible for accidents. They argued that external control systems were needed. Roads should be engineered for safety; drivers should obey rules, signs, and signals; intoxication from alcohol should not be permitted; essays on government law enforcement was needed.
Careful planning would bring order out of chaos and create an environment suited to automobiles instead of horses and carriages. The number of automobiles and trains increased significantly in the early twentieth century, and so did collisions at railroad grade crossings.
Many drivers did not stop or even slow down at crossings, essays on government. Automobiles presented a more serious problem than horse-drawn vehicles because of their greater weight and speed; collisions endangered not only motorists but trains and their passengers.
Railroad companies placed warning signs on roads leading up to grade crossings and installed bells at the tracks. But many drivers ignored the signs, and automobile engine noise drowned out the sounds of bells and trains, essays on government.
InCharles Adler, Jr. The movement of the sign provided a visible warning that driving conditions had changed. Railroads then tried flashing lights to get drivers' attention. Inthe Association of American Railroads standardized essays on government signals, adopting as a uniform design a pair of alternating flashing red lights that were actuated when a train was approaching.
Charles Adler, Jr, essays on government. patented an electrical relay that created an alternating or wig-wag light pattern. Manufactured by SACO Signal Accessories Corporationthe Adler Alternate Flashing Relay was used by more than 40 railroads in the s and s. Increased automobile traffic also brought a need for more effective traffic control devices and systems on city streets. Hand-operated semaphore signals at intersections were replaced by electrically lighted signals beginning in Automated signals were introduced byinterconnected traffic signals byand four-way signals by Refinements to traffic signals helped to control driver behavior and reduce accidents and fatalities.
InGarrett Morgan, an African American inventor in Cleveland, Ohio, patented a signal that stopped vehicles in both directions before changing the direction of traffic flow.
This brief pause reduced the possibility of a collision caused by a vehicle continuing in motion after the STOP signal was displayed. The safety interval was essays on government in a different traffic signal that superseded Morgan's design: the three-position signal with red, amber and green lenses.
Some inventors thought that signals mounted on automobiles would help prevent accidents by improving communication among drivers.
Several individuals patented tail-mounted turn signals that indicated an impending left turn or right turn. Jonathan Cass Stimson essays on government a reflector that revealed the outline of a vehicle in the dark. Stimson's "central triple reflector" had angled, cube-shaped cells that reflected headlight rays back to their source regardless of direction. Some inventions provided information about position and speed. developed the Spaceometer, a gauge that showed how many car lengths should be maintained ahead of a car at various speeds.
John Voevodsky invented the Cyberlite, a rear-mounted flashing light that showed how rapidly the car ahead was decelerating. Thousands of Cyberlites were sold as accessories, but the Center High Mounted Stop Light, a steady light, became standard. Amos Neyhart right during a driving instructor class sponsored by essays on government American Automobile Association.
In the early twentieth essays on government, new drivers were taught by family members, friends, or car dealers. By the s, some safety advocates thought that formal training of young motorists in public school systems would reduce accidents.
InAmos Neyhart, an industrial engineering professor at Pennsylvania State University, established driver education courses at State College High School, located near the Penn State campus in State College, Pennsylvania. Neyhart served as an advisor to the American Automobile Association AAAwhich developed curricula for driver education students and teachers under the title Sportsmanlike Driving. AAA encouraged the development of driving classes at public high schools and established training programs for essays on government instructors at colleges and universities.
A growing number of high schools added special courses in an effort to improve driver skill and behavior and reduce essays on government number of accidents. In many high schools, there were not enough teachers for one-on-one experience behind the wheel of a car.
Driving simulators filled this gap by the s. Developed by an insurance company in the early s, the Aetna Drivotrainer simulated driving experience at less cost than on-the-road training.
High school students watched real-time traffic films while "driving" consoles with actual Ford automobile parts, including a steering wheel, brake, accelerator, and speedometer.
An instructor monitored students' reactions on a central console, essays on government. Booklet for driver education instructors, published by the American Automobile Association in Until the s, a driver detained on suspicion of intoxication underwent police evaluation of his or her speech, eyes, gait, odor, color, and behavior to determine whether excessive amounts of alcohol had been consumed.
Blood samples sometimes were drawn, but that was an intrusive process. Physicians searched for a quick, easy, essays on government, accurate way to measure blood alcohol levels. Rolla N. Harger, a chemistry professor at Indiana University School of Medicine, constructed a blood alcohol measuring device that used a breath sample blown into a balloon.
Inessays on government, Harger received a patent for the device, essays on government, which he named the Drunkometer. InIndiana passed the first state law defining intoxication in terms of blood alcohol percentage. Indiana State Police routinely used the Drunkometer, essays on government, and other states soon adopted it.
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